Authors
- Andrew P. Ingersoll
- Timothy E. Dowling
- Peter J. Gierasch
- Glenn S. Orton
- Peter L. Read
- Agustin S ́anchez-Lavega
- Adam P. Showman
- Amy A. Simon-Miller
- Ashwin R. Vasavada
INTRODUCTION
Motivation
之前也在想一个问题,就是为什么要研究其他星球,地球还不够研究吗? 现在想想,这就是研究的第一步了,为什么研究其他星球的大气,有什么意义。 意义就在于首先我们研究的是大气,其次是地球上的大气;如果仅仅关注的只有地球的大气,那么就是管中窥豹、一叶障目了。 在这里还是对自己说,要跳出圈子看大气,也就是要有“大局意识”,着眼于小事。
本章就讲的比较科学人:
- 在过去几十年对巨型星的研究给了我么许多有趣的发现
- 对木星对研究有助于扩充我们对大气对理解,以及对地球大气更深的了解,这种成果是在仅仅关注地球大气中无法得到的。
在这里首先了解一下木星的背景知识:
项目 | 地球 | 木星 |
---|---|---|
symbole | ♃ | |
急流 | 1 per hemi | 6 per hemi |
Topography | yes | no |
Stationary | yes | no |
Storm | last for centry | travelling storm is ~ 1 week |
Absorbed sunlight | 1 | 3.3% |
Wind Intensity | 1 | \(3-4 \times Earth\ but\ 1/3\times Saturn\ Neptune\) |
\(\frac{internal\ power}{absorbed\ power}\) | \(2\times 10^{-4}\) | 0.7 |
lightning | yes | yes |
Electrical charge saparation | Falling ice and rain | Still to be determined |
Hydrologic cycle | known | fundamentally difference |
相对于木星、土星和海王星,地球吸收的热量是最大的,但是风却是最小的。 所有行星的风场都是带状分布的,即使是天王星(自转轴相对于公转轴倾角为\(98^{\circ}\))。 木星的大红斑(Jupiter’s Great Red Spot:GRS),已经有几百年的历史了。
DATA SET
书本的思路基本上和张洋老师上课的思路一样,让我很亲切。 首先介绍了现象,然后介绍资料,资料比较等,下面我们按照时间顺序对研究Jupiter的资料进行详细的介绍:
Early Astronomers
首先在描述木星的大气现象上,现在人在沿用的一些来自早期天文学家的描述性词语有
- belts and zones: belt一般用于急流带,zones一般用于急流带之间的区域,其他还有region
- brown spots and red spots:
- plumes:羽化
- barges:discrete brown elongated ovals called “barges”
- festoons, and streamers
为了方便理解,下面从Google上搜了一些图片


Traditional Earth-based telescope
- resolution: 3000km –> enough to image the major atmospheric features.
- Pioneers 10 and 11: improved on Earth-based resolution
- Voyagers 1 and 2: breakthrough –> infrared spectrometer (IRIS)
Ground-based telescopes and Hubble Space
Galileo Probe
Cassini
Juno
由于但是本书时间上的局限性,并没有包括Juno和Juno Mission的详细信息。
Mission Events | Date |
---|---|
Launch | August 5, 2011 |
Deep Space Maneuvers | August/September 2012 |
Earth flyby gravity assist | October 2013 |
Jupiter arrival and orbit insertion | July 4, 2016 |
End of mission (deorbit into Jupiter) | July 2021 |
NASA has approved an update to Juno’s science operations until July 2021.
BANDED STRUCTURE
Belts and Zones
Traditionally
- The white bands are called zones.
- The zones are anticyclonic, which means they have
- an eastward jet on the poleward side
- a westward jet on the equatorward side
- (in the reference frame of the planet,an anticyclone rotates clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere).
- The zones are anticyclonic, which means they have
- The dark bands are called belts.
- The zonal jets (eastward and westward currents in the atmosphere) are strongest on the boundaries between the belts and zones (Figure 6.2).