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Dynamics of Jupiter's Atmosphere

22 Feb 2020

Authors

  • Andrew P. Ingersoll
  • Timothy E. Dowling
  • Peter J. Gierasch
  • Glenn S. Orton
  • Peter L. Read
  • Agustin S ́anchez-Lavega
  • Adam P. Showman
  • Amy A. Simon-Miller
  • Ashwin R. Vasavada

INTRODUCTION

Motivation

之前也在想一个问题,就是为什么要研究其他星球,地球还不够研究吗? 现在想想,这就是研究的第一步了,为什么研究其他星球的大气,有什么意义。 意义就在于首先我们研究的是大气,其次是地球上的大气;如果仅仅关注的只有地球的大气,那么就是管中窥豹、一叶障目了。 在这里还是对自己说,要跳出圈子看大气,也就是要有“大局意识”,着眼于小事。

本章就讲的比较科学人:

  1. 在过去几十年对巨型星的研究给了我么许多有趣的发现
  2. 对木星对研究有助于扩充我们对大气对理解,以及对地球大气更深的了解,这种成果是在仅仅关注地球大气中无法得到的。

在这里首先了解一下木星的背景知识:

项目 地球 木星
symbole   ♃
急流 1 per hemi 6 per hemi
Topography yes no
Stationary yes no
Storm last for centry travelling storm is ~ 1 week
Absorbed sunlight 1 3.3%
Wind Intensity 1 \(3-4 \times Earth\ but\ 1/3\times Saturn\ Neptune\)
\(\frac{internal\ power}{absorbed\ power}\) \(2\times 10^{-4}\) 0.7
lightning yes yes
Electrical charge saparation Falling ice and rain Still to be determined
Hydrologic cycle known fundamentally difference

相对于木星、土星和海王星,地球吸收的热量是最大的,但是风却是最小的。 所有行星的风场都是带状分布的,即使是天王星(自转轴相对于公转轴倾角为\(98^{\circ}\))。 木星的大红斑(Jupiter’s Great Red Spot:GRS),已经有几百年的历史了。

DATA SET

书本的思路基本上和张洋老师上课的思路一样,让我很亲切。 首先介绍了现象,然后介绍资料,资料比较等,下面我们按照时间顺序对研究Jupiter的资料进行详细的介绍:

Early Astronomers

首先在描述木星的大气现象上,现在人在沿用的一些来自早期天文学家的描述性词语有

  • belts and zones: belt一般用于急流带,zones一般用于急流带之间的区域,其他还有region
  • brown spots and red spots:
  • plumes:羽化
  • barges:discrete brown elongated ovals called “barges”
  • festoons, and streamers

为了方便理解,下面从Google上搜了一些图片

Traditional Earth-based telescope

  • resolution: 3000km –> enough to image the major atmospheric features.
  • Pioneers 10 and 11: improved on Earth-based resolution
  • Voyagers 1 and 2: breakthrough –> infrared spectrometer (IRIS)

Ground-based telescopes and Hubble Space

Galileo Probe

Cassini

Juno

由于但是本书时间上的局限性,并没有包括Juno和Juno Mission的详细信息。

Mission Events Date
Launch August 5, 2011
Deep Space Maneuvers August/September 2012
Earth flyby gravity assist October 2013
Jupiter arrival and orbit insertion July 4, 2016
End of mission (deorbit into Jupiter) July 2021

NASA has approved an update to Juno’s science operations until July 2021.

BANDED STRUCTURE

Whole disk views of Jupiter

Belts and Zones

Zonals and Belts of Jupiter

Traditionally

  • The white bands are called zones.
    • The zones are anticyclonic, which means they have
      • an eastward jet on the poleward side
      • a westward jet on the equatorward side
    • (in the reference frame of the planet,an anticyclone rotates clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere).
  • The dark bands are called belts.
  • The zonal jets (eastward and westward currents in the atmosphere) are strongest on the boundaries between the belts and zones (Figure 6.2).

Changes in Appearance

Changes in Zonal Zelocity

Two Hypotheses about the Banded Structure

Evidence of Upwelling and Downwelling



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